Technical professionals responsible for the security of publicly accessible Internet servers often focus (justifiably) on maintaining the operating system and server software that they purchase from vendors. Indeed, these packages often contain significant security vulnerabilities and it is incumbent upon every security administrator to ensure that their servers are patched with the most recent vendor security patches and hotfixes.
However, that's not the extent of the administrator's responsibilities. As you probably know, the custom code developed within your organization to power dynamic Web site functionality has the potential to open significant vulnerabilities in your Web server. These flaws are especially dangerous when you're using Web applications to provide an interface to a back-end database. One particular type of attack against database-driven applications is the SQL injection. In this attack, the intruder manipulates a site's Web-based interfaces to force the database to execute undesirable SQL code.
SQL injection attacks are best learned through example. Imagine a simple Web site set up by a package delivery company to provide delivery status information to anyone who knows the tracking number associated with a particular package. The application may simply ask the user for the tracking number and then look it up in a database table using the following SQL code:
<![CDATA[SELECT *
FROM Shipments
WHERE TrackingID='@tracking']]>
Where @tracking is a variable passed in from the Web application. Under normal circumstances, this application may function perfectly normally. For example, if a user enters the tracking number 1A2123ZC2, the corresponding query would be:
<![CDATA[SELECT *
FROM Shipments
WHERE TrackingID='1A2123ZC2']]>
That ideal situation makes one flawed assumption -- that the user will only enter a valid tracking number. Malicious individuals are not likely to be so cooperative. Suppose that the user instead enters the string shown below in the tracking number field:
<![CDATA[1A2123ZC2' or true
The corresponding query will now be:
SELECT *
FROM Shipments
WHERE TrackingID='1A2123ZC2' or true]]>
Which will have the unintended consequence of retrieving all of the tracking information stored in the database. Now assume that we have an even more malicious user who enters the following string:
<![CDATA[1A2123ZC2'; DELETE FROM Shipments
This would cause the database to execute the following query:
SELECT *
FROM Shipments
WHERE TrackingID='1A2123ZC2';
DELETE FROM Shipments]]>
Which would have the clearly undesirable result of deleting all of the tracking information from the database!
There are several steps that you can take to reduce the possibility of a SQL injection attack against your database:
Escape single quotation marks. Include code within your Web applications that replaces single apostrophes with double apostrophes. This will force the database server to recognize the apostrophe as a literal character rather than a string delimiter.
Limit the privileges available to the account that executes Web application code. In the example above, if the account only had permission to perform the intended action (retrieving records from the Shipping table), the deletion would not be possible.
Reduce or eliminate debugging information. When an error condition occurs on your server, the Web user should not see technical details of the error. This type of information could aid an intruder seeking to explore the structure of your database.
Educate your developers. Make sure that the people responsible for developing code within your organization are aware of the seriousness of the threat and the simple steps that they may take to help safeguard your servers.
Test your Web applications. Spot-check the work done by your developers. One simple check that you can do is to place single quotation marks within the data sent to your server. If you receive an error response of any kind, chances are you're vulnerable to an SQL injection attack.
If you take the time to implement these simple steps, you'll be well on your way to securing your Web/database interaction.
About the Author
Mike Chapple, CISSP is an IT Security Professional with the University of Notre Dame. He previously served as an information security researcher with the National Security Agency and the U.S. Air Force. Mike is a frequent contributor to SearchSecurity, a technical editor for Information Security magazine and the author of several information security titles including the CISSP Prep Guide and Information Security Illuminated.
