Will iptables screen UDP traffic?

You're correct; UDP traffic can't be screened using strict stateful inspection. That's because UDP is a connectionless protocol and doesn't maintain session state. The protocol is much different than TCP, which uses a three-way handshake to set up and tear down connections.

However, most modern firewalls, including iptables, treat UDP in the same manner as a connection-oriented protocol....

If you create a rule allowing UDP traffic in one direction, the firewall will allow associated return traffic.

Let's consider an example. Suppose you decided to allow outbound DNS traffic on UDP port 53. In its state table, the firewall will track any requests that match the rule, and the DNS server's UDP response is then allowed to reach the client.

Without a three-way handshake, however, the firewall doesn't know when to remove the entry from its state table. To accommodate this situation, firewalls usually use a timer that allows return traffic to pass until the connection is inactive for a specified period of time, which is normally a few minutes. Once the firewall reaches that inactivity threshold, it discards the entry from the state table.

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